BALANCED RESOURCES
Scientific papers
Validated articles
Veterinary journals
Respected industry participants
where is the INFORMATION FROM?
We have worked hard to find validated sources for all topics and will be continuing to update with new information as it is published.
View by topic below the list of resources that have provided insights included within the common concern articles and social media graphics.
(1) Racing Victoria (2022) Who we are. [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/about-us/who-we-are [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(2) Anatomy of the Equine (2019) The Distal Limb Bones of the Equine. [online] Available at: http://www.anatomy-of-the-equine.com/distal-limb-bones.html [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(3) Racing Victoria (2021) Review into the safety of international horses during the Spring Racing Carnival and horses competing in the Melbourne Cup [online] Available at: https://cdn.racing.com/-/media/rv/2021-rv/the-sport/2021-04-28-international-injury-review-report-final-280421-1.pdf?la=en [ Accessed 18 October 2022].
(4) zur Linden, A. (2013) Horse Limb Anatomy [online] Available at: https://apps.cvm.iastate.edu/limbanatomy/horse.html [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(1) Evans, P. (2010). Equine Behavior: Prey vs. Predator, Horse vs. Human. [online] Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1124&context=extension_curall [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(2) Williams, C.A. (2004) The Basics of Equine Behavior. [online] Available at: https://esc.rutgers.edu/fact_sheet/the-basics-of-equine-behavior/ [Accessed on 18 October 2022]
(3) Williams, D. (2020) Is it ethical to continue to race horses? Veterinary Record, 187(1), pp.38-38.
(4) Hampson, B., De Laat, M., Mills, P. and Pollitt, C. (2010) Distances travelled by feral horses in ‘outback’ Australia. Equine Veterinary Journal, 42, pp.582-586.
(4b) British Horseracaing Authority (2018) Do horses enjoy racing? [online] The British Horseracing Authority. Available at: https://www.britishhorseracing.com/faqs/horses-enjoy-racing/ [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(5) Krueger, K. (2008) Social Ecology of Horses. Ecology of Social Evolution, pp.195-206.
(6) Hinchcliff, K. and Geor, R. (2008) The horse as an athlete: a physiological overview. Equine Exercise Physiology, pp.2-11.
(7) McDonnell, S. (2019) Does a Racehorse Know if He Wins or Loses? [online] The Horse. Available at: https://thehorse.com/113465/does-a-racehorse-know-if-he-wins-or-loses/ [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(8) Watts, K. (2022) Maturing Chautauqua relishing new role. [online] Racing.com. Available at: https://www.racing.com/news/2022-02-03/news-review-chatauqua-relishing-new-role [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(1) Cook, C. (2011) Why does a broken leg mean the end for a horse? [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2011/sep/23/claims-five-broken-leg-horse [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(2) Hamilton, N. (2018) 3 horse-racing myths busted for the Melbourne Cup. [online] The University of Sydney. Available at: https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/31/3-horse-racing-myths-busted-for-the-melbourne-cup.html [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(1) Wood, G. (2011) A jockey whipped me ‘as hard as I’d hit a horse’ and it didn’t hurt. [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/oct/18/jockeys-whip-didnt-hurt [Accessed 18 October 2022].
(2) McGreevy, P., Corken, R., Salvin, H. and Black, C. (2012) Whip Use by Jockeys in a Sample of Australian Thoroughbred Races—An Observational Study. PLoS ONE, 7(3), p.e33398. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0033398
(3) Thompson, K., McManus, P., Stansall, D., Wilson, B. and McGreevy, P. (2020) Is Whip Use Important to Thoroughbred Racing Integrity? What Stewards’ Reports Reveal about Fairness to Punters, Jockeys and Horses. Animals, 10(11), p.1985. Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/10/11/1985
(4) Racing Australia (2022) Approved Whips [online] Available at: https://www.racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/approved-whips/Approved_Whips_03_March_2022.pdf
(5) Racing Australia (2021) Australian Rules of Racing [online] Available at: https://www.racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/Australian_rules_of_Racing/Australian_Rules_of_Racing_01_February_2021.pdf
(6) Racing Australia (2015) Whips [online] Available at: https://www.racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/media-releases/Racing%20Australia%20Media%2023%20October%202015.pdf
(7) Racing Victoria (2020) New whip penalty guidelines announced [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/news/2020-07-23/new-whip-penalty-guidelines-announced [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(8) Ractliffe, D. (2020) McEvoy fined record $50,000 for whip rule breaches on Cup runner-up [online] Available at: https://www.theage.com.au/sport/racing/mcevoy-fined-record-50-000-for-whip-rule-breaches-on-melbourne-cup-runner-up-20201103-p56b87.html [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(9) Racing Victoria (2020) Racing Victoria calls on industry to progress whip reform [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/news/2020-09-07/racing-victoria-calls-on-industry-to-progress-whip-reform [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(1) Racing Australia (2021) Fact Book 2021 [online] Available at: RA Fact Book – pp.8-9 [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(2) Shrestha, K., Gilkerson, J.R., Stevenson, M.A. and Flash, M.L. (2021). Drivers of exit and outcomes for Thoroughbred racehorses participating in the 2017–2018 Australian racing season. PLOS ONE, 16(9), p.e0257581. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257581
(3) Crawford, K.L., Finnane, A., Greer, R.M., Phillips, C.J.C., Woldeyohannes, S.M., Perkins, N.R. and Ahern, B.J. (2021) Appraising the Welfare of Thoroughbred Racehorses in Training in Queensland, Australia: The Incidence, Risk Factors and Outcomes for Horses after Retirement from Racing. Animals, 11(1), p.142.
(4) ESPN.com. (2017) RNSW buys property for retired horses. [online] Available at: https://www.espn.com.au/horse-racing/story/_/id/20126275/rnsw-buys-property-retired-horses [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(5) Racing Victoria (2022) Off the Track Profram. [online] Racing Victoria. Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/the-horse/off-the-track [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(6)
Madgwick, T. (2022) Racing NSW Launches Equimillion – $1 Million equestrian event for retired racehorses. Breednet [online] Breednet.com.au. Available at: https://www.breednet.com.au/news/17315/racing-nsw-launches-equimillion-%E2%80%93– [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(7) Racenet (2019) Racing NSW Establishment For Retired Racehorses – Racenet. [online] Available at: https://www.racenet.com.au/news/racing-nsw-establishment-for-retired-racehorses-20190227 [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(8) The Victorian Greens (2022) Horse Racing [online] Available at: https://greens.org.au/vic/campaigns/protect-horses [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(9) 2021 Racing Victoria Annual Report (2021). [online] Available at: https://cdn.racing.com/-/media/rv/2021-rv/about/files/2021-racing-victoria-annual-report.pdf?la=en. [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(10)
Racing Victoria (2022) RESET Program [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/the-horse/equine-welfare/reset-program [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(11) Racing Queensland (2022) Racing Queensland Annual Report 2021/22 [online] Available at: https://www.racingqueensland.com.au/getmedia/1f149425-1f40-46ca-9b73-40cd1f874a86/Racing-Queensland-Annual-Report-2021-22-final.pdf.aspx [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(12) Racing NSW (2021) Racing NSW Annual Report 2021 [online] Available at: https://www.racingnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/RNSW-Annual-Report-2021.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(1) Racing Australia (2021) Australian Rules of Racing [online] Available at: https://www.racingnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/RNSW-Annual-Report-2021.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(2) Racing Australia (2020) Screening Limits for Therapeutic Substances [online] Available at: https://racingaustralia.horse/uploadimg/Screening-limits/Screening-Limits-01-April-2020.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(3) World Anti-Doping Agency (2021) WADA Technical Document [online] Available at: https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/td2021dl_final_eng_0.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(4) Racing Victoria (2019) VCAT Aquanita penalty decision confirmed [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/news/2019-12-31/vcat-aquanita-penalty-decision-confirmed [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(5) Racing Victoria (2022) Doping Control [online] Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/the-horse/veterinary-care/doping-control [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(6) Racing NSW (2021) Racing NSW Annual Report 2021 [online] Available at: https://www.racingnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/RNSW-Annual-Report-2021.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(1) Velie, B.D., Knight, P.K., Thomson, P.C., Wade, C.M. and Hamilton, N.A. (2012) The association of age at first start with career length in the Australian Thoroughbred racehorse population. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(4), pp.410–413. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00651.x.
(2) Tanner, J.C., Rogers, C.W. and Firth, E.C. (2012) The association of 2-year-old training milestones with career length and racing success in a sample of Thoroughbred horses in New Zealand. Equine Veterinary Journal, 45(1), pp.20–24. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00534.x.
(3) Firth, E., Rogers, C., Doube, M. and Jopson, N. (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 53(2), pp.101–112. doi:10.1080/00480169.2005.36487.
(4) Rogers, C.W., Gee, E.K. and Dittmer, K.E. (2021) Growth and Bone Development in the Horse: When Is a Horse Skeletally Mature? Animals, 11(12), p.3402. doi:10.3390/ani11123402.
(5) Crawford, K.L., Finnane, A., Phillips, C.J.C., Greer, R.M., Woldeyohannes, S.M., Perkins, N.R., Kidd, L.J. and Ahern, B.J. (2021b) The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury. Animals, 11(2), p.270. doi:10.3390/ani11020270.
(1) Racing Australia (2021) Australian Rules of Racing [online] Available at: https://www.racingnsw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/RNSW-Annual-Report-2021.pdf [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(2) Sullivan, S. and Hinchcliff, K. (2015) Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice, [online] 31(1), pp.187–198. doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011.
(3) Hinchcliff, K.W. et al (2005) Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 227(5), pp.768–774. doi:10.2460/javma.2005.227.768.
(1) Shrestha, K., Gilkerson, J.R., Stevenson, M.A. and Flash, M.L. (2021) Drivers of exit and outcomes for Thoroughbred racehorses participating in the 2017–2018 Australian racing season. PLOS ONE, 16(9), p.e0257581. Available at: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0257581
(2) Wylie, C.E. et al. (2017) Thoroughbred fatality and associated jockey falls and injuries in races in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia: 2009–2014. The Veterinary Journal, 227, pp.1–7. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.008.
(3) Boden, L.A. et al. (2010) Risk of fatality and causes of death of Thoroughbred horses associated with racing in Victoria, Australia: 1989-2004. Equine Veterinary Journal, 38(4), pp.312–318. doi:10.2746/042516406777749182.
(4) Racing Victoria (2022) Victoria’s Spring Racing Carnival to again feature world leading safety standards for horses. [online] Racing Victoria. Available at: https://www.racingvictoria.com.au/news/2022-04-20/victorias-spring-racing-carnival-to-again-feature-world-leading-safety-standards-for-horses [Accessed 19 October 2022]
(5) Whitton, C. (2020) Preventing racehorse injuries. [online] Pursuit. Available at: https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/preventing-racehorse-injuries [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(6) Hitchens, P.L. et al. (2019) Meta-analysis of risk factors for racehorse catastrophic musculoskeletal injury in flat racing. The Veterinary Journal, 245, pp.29–40. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.014.
(7) Hillyer, M.H., Taylor, F.G.R. and French, N.P. (2010) A cross-sectional study of colic in horses on Thoroughbred training premises in the British Isles in 1997. Equine Veterinary Journal, 33(4), pp.380–385. doi:10.2746/042516401776249499.
(8) Tinker, M.K. et al. (1997) Prospective study of equine colic incidence and mortality. Equine veterinary journal, [online] 29(6), pp.448–53. doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1997.tb03157.x.
(9) Wylie, C.E. et al. (2017) Thoroughbred fatality and associated jockey falls and injuries in races in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia: 2009–2014. The Veterinary Journal, 227, pp.1–7. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.06.008.
(10) Boden, L.A. et al. (2010) Risk of fatality and causes of death of Thoroughbred horses associated with racing in Victoria, Australia: 1989-2004. Equine Veterinary Journal, 38(4), pp.312–318. doi:10.2746/042516406777749182.
(11) Nath, L. et al. (2022) Risk Factors for Exercise-Associated Sudden Cardiac Death in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals, 12(10), p.1297. doi:10.3390/ani12101297.
(12) Gibson, M.J. et al. (2023) The reporting of racehorse Fatalities in new zealand thoroughbred flat racing in the 2011/12–2021/22 seasons, Animals, 13(4), p. 612.
(doi:10.3390/ani13040612.
(13) Investigations into Thoroughbred racehorse welfare in Queensland Australia focused on musculoskeletal injuries and retirement Anim Front. 2022 Jun; 12(3): 59–62.
(1) The World Factbook (2023) Urbanisation [online] Available at: https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/urbanization/ [Accessed 01 February 2023]
(2) Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021) Motor Vehicle Census, Australia [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/industry/tourism-and-transport/motor-vehicle-census-australia/latest-release [Accessed on 01 February 2023]
(3) Smyth, G. and Dagley, K. (2015) Demographics of Australian horse owners: results from an internet-based survey. Australian Veterinary Journal, 93(12), pp.433–438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.12390
(4) Racing Australia (2022) Fact Book 2022 [online] Available at: RA Fact Book – pp.64-65 [Accessed 18 October 2022]
(1) Donati, B., Fürst, A.E., Hässig, M. and Jackson, M.A. (2018) Epidemiology of fractures: The role of kick injuries in equine fractures. Equine Veterinary Journal, [online] 50(5), pp.580–586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/evj.12819
(2) Moore-Colyer, M.J.S., Taylor, J.L.E. and James, R. (2016) The Effect of Steaming and Soaking on the Respirable Particle, Bacteria, Mould, and Nutrient Content in Hay for Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 39, pp.62–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.09.006
(3) Kaya, G., Sommerfeld-Stur, I. and Iben, C. (2009) Risk factors of colic in horses in Austria. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 93(3), pp.339–349. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00874.x
(4) Hudson, J.M., Cohen, N.D., Gibbs, P.G. and Thompson, J.A. (2001) Feeding practices associated with colic in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, [online] 219(10), pp.1419–1425. doi: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2001.219.1419
